Islamic Art Studies

Islamic Art Studies

Recognition of the spirit of Iranian architecture based on the behavioral typology of Nasserite Iranians from the perspective of foreign travel writers

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Seyed Mohiedeen Khalkhali 1
Mohammad Kalhor 2
1 PhD Candidate in history, Imam Khomeini Memorial Branch in Rey, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 PhD, Assistant Professor of History, Imam Khomeini Memorial Branch, Rey, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
10.22034/ias.2020.254697.1424
Abstract
During Qajar Era, due to the strategic position of Iran and the Persian Gulf, this region was of particular interest to the superior international powers; therefore, travelers, statesmen, ambassadors, and merchants from many different European and non-European countries traveled to Iran. In these foreign delegations and political groups, there were also female figures, including Lady Sheil, Jane Dieulafoy, Gertrude Bell, Madame Wolfson, Isabella Bird Bishop and Carla Serena. Some of these women came to Iran as members of political delegations and some for tourism or economic purposes. Regarding their status and position, they provided Qajar officials with reports in which they addressed Iran's political problems, such as the government's failure in managing public health and justice, dealing with insecurity, widespread economic corruption among statesmen and other authorities of Qajar government, oppressions, and the like. In fact, the present research is conducted using historical research method based on description and analysis through employing library resources, in order to answer the question of how female travelers of Naseri Era depicted the political problems of Qajar Government.
Keywords
Iran's Political Problems
Female Travel Writers
The Era of Nasser al-Din Shah
Ameli, S. R. (2004). Old and new cultural identities: deciphering civilization and traditional, modern, national and transnational architecture of Mehestan. Sadegh's letter, p. 30. [In Persian]
Benjamin, W. (2010). Iran and the Iranians: Memoirs and Memoirs of Samuel Benjamin Greenwheeler, the first American ambassador to Iran (1885-1883). (Mohammad Hossein Kordbcheh, Trans.), Tehran: Javidan Publications. [In Persian]
Curzon, G. N. (1943). Iran and the question of Iran. (Gholam Ali Vahid Mazandarani Trans.), (First Vol.), Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company. [In Persian]
Furukawa, N. (2005). Furukawa's travelogue. (Hashem Rajabzadeh, Trans.), Tehran: Association of Cultural Artifacts and Masters. [In Persian]
Grovers, Ch. (1995). Merton's Sociology. (Zahra Kasaei, Trans.), Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University. [In Persian]
Habibi, S. M. (2016). From city to city: historical analysis of the concept of the city and its physical appearance: thinking and influence. Tehran: University of Tehran. [In Persian]
Kamrava, M. (1993). New Life, Old Body: A Selection of Historically Valuable Buildings. Tehran: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. [In Persian]
Mostofi, A. (1992). My biography or the social and administrative history of the Qajar era. (second Vol.), Tehran: Zovar. [In Persian]
Mustafavi, S. M. T. (1991). Historical monuments of Tehran. Tehran: Garous. [In Persian]
Pakdaman, B. (1997). Introduction to architectural styles and trends in Tehran. Proceedings of the Congress of Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran, (Fifth Vol.). Tehran: Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization. [In Persian]
Pollock, J. E. (2010). Pollock's diary. Iran and Iranians. (Kikavos Jahandari, Trans.), Tehran: Kharazmi. [In Persian]
Safamanesh, K. (1999). Developments of architecture and urban planning in the years 1320-1299, 1320-1299. (second vol.), the second architecture and urban planning congress of Iran, Bam, Kerman. [In Persian]
Shahriar, A.; & Bernard, O. (2011). Tehran, the bicentennial capital. Tehran: Technical and Engineering Consulting Organization of Tehran. [In Persian]
Wills, Ch. J. (1999). Iran in the last century: Dr. Wills's travelogue. (Gholamhossein Karagozlu, Trans.) Tehran: Eghbal. [In Persian]
Zoka, Y. (1970). A guide to the history of Tehran's royal citadel buildings and a guide to Golestan Palace. Tehran: National Art Association. [In Persian]