Islamic Art Studies

Islamic Art Studies

A Study of the Buyid Rulers' Approach to Creating Religious Tolerance and Analyzing the Evolution of Islamic Architecture During This Period

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Javad Tahmasbi Shah Mansouri 1
Reza Kianinia 2
Abdolaziz Movahed 2
1 Department of History, Shoushtar Branch, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran
2 Assistant professor, Department of History, Shoushtar Branch, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran
10.22034/ias.2023.408013.2255
Abstract
The Buyid dynasty, as a Shi’ah Muslim government, implemented policies of religious coexistence after coming to power in the fourth century AH. The policy of creating peaceful religious coexistence between Muslims and religious minorities was one of the religious priorities and constant concerns of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). This research aims to explain the performance of the Buyid government and the executive policies of its emirs in promoting peaceful religious coexistence between Shi’ah and Sunni Muslims. The present study is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and relies on library resources. The results indicate that, regardless of the extent to which the Buyids succeeded in implementing this policy, social cohesion and the religious community's avoidance of futile conflicts could have been among the most important outcomes of their efforts. Analyzing the role of the Buyids in creating religious coexistence between Shi’ah and Sunni Muslims, which contributed to the Buyids' endurance despite the large Sunni population alongside the Shi’ah minority, makes this research necessary. Another highlight of the Buyid period was their special attention to construction and architectural projects.
Research Objectives:

Investigating the Buyid approach to creating religious tolerance.
Examining the evolution of Islamic architecture during the Buyid period.

Research Questions:

What approach did the Buyid rulers take to create religious tolerance?
How did Islamic architecture evolve during the Buyid period?
Keywords
Religious coexistence
Buyid dynasty
Sunni
Shi’ah
architecture

Subjects

Aghabozorg Tehrani, M. M. (1983). Al-Dhari'ah. Beirut: Dar al-Adwa' [In Persian].
Ajand, Y. (2005). The Buyids. Tehran: Moli Publications [In Persian].
Al-Maqrizi, A. b. A. (2007). Al-Suluk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Muluk. Edited by S. A. Ashur and M. M. Ziyadah. Cairo: Dar al-Kutub wa al-Watha'iq al-Qawmiyah [In Persian].
Al-Tha'alibi, A. b. M. (2000). Yatimat al-Dahr fi Mahasin Ahl al-Asr. Edited by I. Shams al-Din. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah [In Persian].
Allamah al-Hilli, H. b. Y. (2002). Khulasat al-Aqwal fi Ma'rifat al-Rijal. Najaf: al-Haydariyah Press [In Persian].
Amini, S. M. (1983). A'yan al-Shia. Beirut: Dar al-Ta'aruf lil-Matbu'at [In Persian].
Amini Armaki, G., Forouzh, S., Mirfattah, A. A., & Shabani Samghabadi, R. (2020). "Elements of Architectural Sustainability in the Buildings of the Buyid Period with Emphasis on the Aesthetic of Motifs." Islamic Art Studies, Vol. 17, No. 39, pp. 57–75 [In Persian].
Ash'ari Qomi, S. b. A. (1992). History of Shia Schools of Thought (al-Maqalat wa al-Firaq). Translated by Y. Qazza'i with an introduction by M. J. Mashkur. Tehran: Ata'i Publications [In Persian].
Fakhouri Hanna & Al-Jarr, K. (1996). History of Philosophy in the Islamic World. Translated by M. I. Ayati. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications [In Persian].
Faqihi, A. A. (1978). The Buyids and Their Era. Tehran: Saba Publications [In Persian].
Frye, R. N. (1984). The History of Iran from Islam to the Seljuks. Translated by H. Anousheh. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications [In Persian].
Har Amili, M. b. H. (2005). Tafsil al-Wasa'il al-Shi'a ila Tahsil al-Masa'il al-Shari'ah. Qom: Al-Bayt Institute for Reviving Heritage [In Persian].
Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din Ali (1965). Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh. Beirut: Dar al-Sadir – Dar Beirut.
Ibn al-Athir, Izz al-Din Ali (1992). The Complete History of Islam and Iran. Translated by A. Halati and A. Khalili. Tehran: Scientific Publications Institute [In Persian].
Ibn Jawzi, A. R. b. A. (1992). Al-Muntazam fi Tarikh al-Muluk wa al-Umam. Edited by M. A. Ata and M. A. Ata. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah.
Ibn Jawzi, A. R. (1358 AH). Al-Muntazam. Hyderabad: Da'irat al-Ma'arif al-Uthmaniyyah [In Persian].
Ibn Kathir, I. b. U. (1986). Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
Ibn Khaldun, A. b. M. (1988). The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. Edited by K. Shahada. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr.
Ibn Taghribirdi, J. Y. (n.d.). Al-Nujum al-Zahirah fi Muluk Misr wa al-Qahirah. Cairo: al-Mu'assasah al-Misriyah al-Ammah.
Ja'farian, R. (1996). The History of Shiism in Iran from the Beginning to the Tenth Century AH. Qom: Ansarian Publications [In Persian].
Ja'farnia, F. (2018). "The Policies of the Buyid Government in Strengthening Unity between Shia and Sunni." Khwarazmi Historical Studies Quarterly, No. 22, pp. 21–38 [In Persian].
Kasravi, A., & Amini, M. (2010). Shiism with History. Tehran: Bina Publications [In Persian].
Kremmer, J. L. (1996). The Cultural Revival in the Buyid Era. Translated by M. S. Hanai Kashani. Tehran: University Press [In Persian].
Limbert, J. (2004). Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City. University of Washington Press.
Momen, M. (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press.
Muhaddith al-Najashi, A. b. A. (1987). Rijal al-Najashi. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islami [In Persian].
Nawbakhti, H. b. M. (1984). Firaq al-Shi'a. Second Edition. Beirut: Dar al-Adwa' [In Persian].
Qadi Nurullah Shushtari (1975). Majalis al-Mu'minin. Tehran: Islamiyah Bookstore [In Persian].
Sajjadi, S. (1990). The Buyids. Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Vol. 1. Tehran: Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia [In Persian].
Shibli, K. (1995). Shiism and Sufism. Translated by A. R. Zekavati Qaraguzlu. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications [In Persian].
Tusi, M. b. H. (1968). Al-Jumal wa al-Aqawid fi al-Ibadat. Translated by V. A. Khorasani. Mashhad: University of Mashhad Publications [In Persian].
Zarrinkoub, A. H. (2003). The History of Islam. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications [In Persian].