Islamic Art Studies

Islamic Art Studies

Explaining the Political Functions of Gifts and Offerings in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Their Reflection in Islamic Concepts

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Farzad Dolatkhah 1
Ramin Sadeghinejad 2
Rasoul Ebadi 2
1 PhD Student, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
10.22034/ias.2021.300869.1697
Abstract
Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is one of the most prominent works in Persian literature, which not only narrates epic and mythological stories but also encapsulates a collection of ancient Iranian customs that reflect their worldview and way of thinking. The main objective of this research is to explain the political functions of gifts and offerings in the Shahnameh. The findings of this study reveal that the tradition of "Nazar" (offering), "Hediye" (gift), and "Pishkesh" (tribute) in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is not merely a gesture of respect and honor. At times, accepting gifts or offerings from an enemy signifies the acceptance of peace and surrender. In other instances, sending gifts or offerings is a prerequisite for negotiation and dialogue to cease hostilities. Sometimes, presenting gifts or offerings is a means to prevent the outbreak of a potential and unequal war. In certain cases, sending gifts serves as a test of the opponent's wit, intelligence, and shrewdness, aiming to gain an advantage or cancel imposed tributes and taxes. Additionally, gifts can act as a guarantee to strengthen alliances and reaffirm obedience to a powerful ruler. The concept of gifts and offerings is also depicted in Islamic art.
Research Objectives:


To examine the uses of gifts and offerings in the Shahnameh.


To explore the significance of gifts and offerings in Islamic concepts.


Research Questions:


What are the uses of gifts and offerings in the Shahnameh?


What is the significance of gifts and offerings in Islamic concepts?
Keywords
Offering
Shahnameh
Ferdowsi
Nazar
Gift
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